The consensus from this research is that sleep deprivation degrades the capacity for encoding new information, and similar to studies of memory consolidation, has focused on the hippocampus and associated structures where sleep loss decreases hippocampal activation and alters its connectivity with other brain regions. Research on sleep deprivation before learning analyzes possible impairments in the other phases of memory. According to the active systems view of the consolidation of memory, sleep facilitates the transfer of information from hippocampally dependent processing more broadly to the neocortex where it is integrated with prior knowledge ( Takashima et al., 2009 Walker, 2009 Born and Wilhelm, 2012 Rasch and Born, 2013). Research on sleep deprivation after learning is most concerned with the role of sleep in memory consolidation. The effects of sleep deprivation before or after learning are typically mapped onto a division of memory processing into three phases: encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. (2021) found that sleep deprivation after learning produced substantially smaller effects than a night of sleep deprivation before learning new material. Recognizing the much larger body of sleep research on how sleep strengthens previously acquired memories, it is noteworthy that Newbury et al. From a fundamental research perspective, if we are to identify the mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects cognitive performance in general, memory is a critical domain to understand because what we remember from our experiences affects how we relate to others and how we make choices. With epidemic levels of insufficient sleep in modern industrial societies ( Chattu et al., 2018), the potential for impaired learning due to lack of sleep is very high in schools and training environments. There are good reasons, both practical and theoretical, to better understand how sleep deprivation may impair or degrade the quality of memory. More recently, there has been increased study of the ability to learn and remember new information while sleep deprived. There is a considerable history of interest in the relationship between sleep and memory, but since the seminal studies on sleep and memory ( Jenkins and Dallenbach, 1924), most research addressing this relationship has focused on how sleep strengthens memories established during previous waking hours. Adoption of the TASL framework encourages movement away from traditional explanations based on narrowly defined domains of memory functioning, such as encoding, and taking instead a more expansive view of how brain structures that support memory, such as the hippocampus, interact with higher structures, such as the prefrontal cortex, to produce complex cognition and behavioral performance, and how this interaction may be compromised by sleep disruption. The view of the TASL framework is that amnesia and the amnesia-like deficits observed during sleep deprivation not only affect memory processes but will also be apparent in cognitive processes that rely on those memory processes, such as decision-making. The review covers the well-characterized properties of amnesia arising from medial temporal lobe lesions and shows how the pattern of preserved and impaired aspects of memory in amnesia may also be appearing during sleep loss. Then, we suggest an alternative framework with which to understand sleep loss and memory in terms of temporary amnesia from sleep loss (TASL). The present review briefly describes the generally accepted approach to analyzing effects of sleep deprivation on subsequent memory and learning by means of its effects on encoding. Although this imbalance in research emphasis is being more frequently addressed by current investigators, there is a need for a more organized approach to examining the effect of sleep deprivation before learning. When more specifically examining the impact of sleep on memory and learning, however, research has overwhelmingly focused on how sleep following learning facilitates memory, with less attention paid to how lack of sleep prior to learning can disrupt subsequent memory. Throughout its modern history, sleep research has been concerned with both the benefits of sleep and the deleterious impact of sleep disruption for cognition, behavior, and performance. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States 2Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States.1Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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